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--- input_allocation [2020/02/25 09:13] – [Input allocation for fertilisers and nutrient balances] matsz
+++ input_allocation [2020/02/25 09:42] – [Input allocation for fertilisers and nutrient balances] matsz
@@ Line 648: / Line 648: @@
 //Carbon dioxide emissions from manure management in livestock production// \\
-During storage or grazing, carbon is not only emitted in form of methane, but part of the organic material is mineralized and carbon released as carbon dioxide. Following the FarmAC model((The FarmAC model simulates the flows of carbon and nitrogen on arable and livestock farms, enabling the quantification of GHG emissions, soil C sequestration and N losses to the environment (for more information see: [[www.farmac.dk]]). )), we assume a constant relation between carbon emitted as methane and total carbon emissions (methane plus carbon dioxide) of 63%. Therefore, the carbon loss through carbon dioxide emissions can be quantified as:
+During storage or grazing, carbon is not only emitted in form of methane, but part of the organic material is mineralized and carbon released as carbon dioxide. Following the FarmAC model((The FarmAC model simulates the flows of carbon and nitrogen on arable and livestock farms, enabling the quantification of GHG emissions, soil C sequestration and N losses to the environment (for more information see: [[http://farmac.dk]]). )), we assume a constant relation between carbon emitted as methane and total carbon emissions (methane plus carbon dioxide) of 63%. Therefore, the carbon loss through carbon dioxide emissions can be quantified as:
 \begin{equation}
@@ Line 682: / Line 682: @@
 //Carbon sequestration in soils// \\
-Finally, we quantify the sequestered material after 20 years. The carbon change is based on simulations with the CENTURY agroecosystem model (Lugato et al. 2014) (aggregated from 1 km2 to NUTS2 level), and calculated from the difference in the manure and crop residue input to soils between the simulation year and the base year. This is done because carbon sequestration is only achieved from an increased carbon input, assuming that the carbon balance in the base year is already in equilibrium. The total cumulative carbon increase is divided by 20, in order to spread the effect over a standardised number of years (consistent with the 2006 IPCC guidelines).
+Finally, we quantify the sequestered material after 20 years. The carbon change is based on simulations with the CENTURY agroecosystem model (Lugato et al. 2014) (aggregated from 1 km2 to NUTS2 level), and calculated from the difference in the manure and crop residue input to soils between the simulation year and the base year. This is done because carbon sequestration is only achieved from an increased carbon input, assuming that the carbon balance in the base year is already in equilibrium. The total cumulative carbon increase is divided by 20, in order to spread the effect over a standardised number of years (consistent with the 2006 IPCC guidelines).((The simulations with the CENTURY model were carried out by Emanuele Lugato from JRC.D3 in Ispra (for more details see Lugato et al. 2014).))
 //Carbon losses from soil erosion// \\
@@ Line 689: / Line 689: @@
 //Carbon dioxide emissions from respiration of carbon inputs to soils// \\
 Carbon losses from soil are quantified as the residual between all carbon inputs to soils, the emissions and the carbon sequestered in the soils:
+\begin{align}
+\begin{split}
+&Carbon \; losses\; via\; soil\; and\; root\; respiration = \\
+&Manure\; input\; from\; grazing\; and\; manure\; application \\
+&+ input\; from\; crop\; residues \\
+&- carbon \;losses \;(CH4)\; from \;rice\; production \\
+&- carbon \;losses \;(CO2) \;from \;the \;cultivation\; of \;organic\; soils \\
+&- carbon \;losses \;from \;runoff \;from \;soils \\
+&- carbon \;losses\; from \;soil \;erosion \\
+&- carbon \;sequestration \;in \;soils \\
+\end{split}
+\end{align}
+Carbon losses from leaching should also be subtracted, but they are not specifically quantified in the CAPRI carbon cycle model so far. Therefore, the share of soil respiration is currently overestimated by the model.
+===Greenhouse Gases===
+For the purpose of modelling GHG emissions from agriculture, a //multi strategy approach// is followed. It is important to take into account that agriculture is an important emitter of several climate relevant gases other than carbon dioxide. Therefore, three types of pollutants are modelled: methane (CH4) ,nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The sources considered are: //CH4 emissions from animal production, manure management and rice cultivation, N2O from agricultural soils and manure management, and CO2 emissions from agricultural soils//. Moreover, carbon removals and emissions from land use change are quantified, and translated into CO2.
+In CAPRI consistent GHG emission inventories for the European agricultural sector are constructed. As already mentioned, //land use// and //nitrogen flows// are estimated at a regional level. This is the main information needed to calculate the parameters included in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance (IPCC, 2006). The following table lists the emission sources modelled:
+**Table 19: Agricultural greenhouse gas emission sources included in the model**
+|  **Greenhouse Gas**  |  **Emission source**  |  **Code**  |
+|**Methane**|Enteric fermentation|CH4Ent|
+|:::	|Manure management|CH4Man|
+|:::	|Rice production|CH4Ric|
+|:::	|Land use change emissions from\\ biomass burning|CH4bur|
+|**Nitrous Oxide**|Manure management|N2OMan|
+|:::	|Manure excretion on grazings|N2OGra|
+|:::	|Application of synthetic fertiliser|N2OSyn|
+|:::	|Application of manure|N2OApp|
+|:::	|Crop residues|N2OCro|
+|:::	|Indirect emissions from ammonia \\ losses|N2OAmm|
+|:::	|Indirect emissions from leaching \\ and runoff|N2OLea|
+|:::	|Cultivation of histosols|N2Ohis|
+|:::	|Land use change emissions from the \\ burning of biomass|N2Obur|
+|**Carbon dioxide**|Cultivation of histosols|CO2his|
+|:::	|Applicaton of ureum|CO2urea|
+|:::	|Liming|CO2lim|
+|:::	|Land use change emissions from above \\ and below ground biomass|CO2bio|
+|:::	|Land use change emissions from soil \\ carbon changes|CO2soi| \\ Source: CAPRI Modelling System
+For a detailed analysis of these single emission sources refer to Pérez 2006: Greenhouse Gases: Inventories, Abatement Costs and Markets for Emission Permits in European Agriculture -A Modelling Approach and Leip et al 2010: Evaluation of livestock sector’s contribution to the RU greenhouse gas emissions (GGELS).
+The model code also comprises a life-cycle assessment for GHGs (first approach explained in Leip et al, 2010, but newer approach not yet documented in an official publication), and a module to estimate emission leakage in Non-European world regions (for details see e.g. Jansson et al.,2010: Estimation of Greenhouse Gas coefficients per commodity and world region to capture emission leakage in European Agriculture; Pérez Dominguez et al., 2012: Agricultural GHG emissions in the EU: An Exploratory Economic Assessment of Mitigation Policy Options., Van Doorslaer et al, 2015: An economic assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation options for EU agriculture). Moreover, in recent projects (Ecampa1-3) mitigation technologies and farm practices have been introduced to the supply model, which directly impact on the emissions. Currently, the following mitigation technologies can be activated:
+  * Anaerobic digestion
+  * Feed additives to reduce methane emissions from ruminants (lineseed, nitrate)
+  * Precision farming
+  * Variable Rate Technology
+  * Nitrification Inhibitors
+  * Better timing of fertilizer application
+  * Winter cover crops
+  * No Tillage
+  * Conservation Tillage
+  * Buffer strips
+  * Fallowing of histosols
+  * Measures to reduce methane emissions in rice production
+  * Increased legume share on temporary grassland
+  * Genetic measures to increase milk yields and feed efficiency
+  * Urea Substitution
+  * Manure application measures to reduce ammonia emissions (high and low efficiency)
+  * Manure storage measures to reduce ammonia emissions (high and low efficiency)
+  * Stable design measures to reduce ammonia emissions
+  * Low Nitrogen Feed
+  * Manure storage basins in concrete to reduce nitrate leaching
+  * Flexible limits for nitrogen application to soils
+  * Flexible limits for livestock density
+  * Vaccination against methanogenic bacteria
+For details see Van Doorslaer et al. 2015, and Perez et.al 2016 (Most recent developments not yet published).
+===Soil erosion===
+Soil erosion is calculated on the basis of the RUSLE equation. The equation has the following form:
+\begin{equation}
+A = R \cdot K \cdot L \cdot S \cdot C \cdot P
+\end{equation}
+where \\
+A = soil loss in ton per ha/acre per year \\
+ R = rainfall-runoff erosivity factor \\
+ K = soil erodibility factor \\
+ L = slope length factor \\
+ S = slope steepness factor \\
+ C = cover management factor \\
+ P = support practice factor \\
+For more details on the factors used see Panagos et al. (2015).
+==== Input allocation for labour ====
+Labour (and other inputs) in CAPRI are estimated from a Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN) sample  and then these estimation results are combined with total labour requirements within a region (or aggregate national input demand reported in the EAA), using a Highest Posterior Density (HPD) estimation framework.
+===Labour Input Allocation===