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start [2019/10/11 11:27] – alexanderg | start [2019/12/05 12:17] – justinap | ||
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- | <html xmlns:v=" | + | ===== Structure of the documentation ===== |
- | xmlns:o=" | + | |
- | xmlns:w=" | + | |
- | xmlns:dt=" | + | |
- | xmlns:m=" | + | |
- | xmlns=" | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content=" | + | The documentation is structured as follows. Sections 1.2-1.3 |
- | <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> | + | |
- | <meta name=Generator content=" | + | |
- | <meta name=Originator content=" | + | |
- | <link rel=File-List href=" | + | |
- | <link rel=Edit-Time-Data | + | |
- | href=" | + | |
- | <link rel=OLE-Object-Data | + | |
- | href=" | + | |
- | <!--[if !mso]> | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | v\:* {behavior: | + | |
- | o\:* {behavior: | + | |
- | w\:* {behavior: | + | |
- | .shape {behavior: | + | |
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- | </ | + | |
- | <link rel=dataStoreItem | + | |
- | href=" | + | |
- | target=" | + | |
- | <link rel=themeData | + | |
- | href=" | + | |
- | <link rel=colorSchemeMapping | + | |
- | href=" | + | |
- | <!--[if gte mso 9]>< | + | |
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- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | < | + | |
- | <!-- | + | |
- | /* Font Definitions */ | + | |
- | | + | |
- | {font-family: | + | |
- | panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; | + | |
- | mso-font-charset: | + | |
- | mso-generic-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-font-pitch: | + | |
- | mso-font-signature: | + | |
- | @font-face | + | |
- | {font-family:" | + | |
- | panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; | + | |
- | mso-font-charset: | + | |
- | mso-generic-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-font-pitch: | + | |
- | mso-font-signature: | + | |
- | @font-face | + | |
- | {font-family: | + | |
- | panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; | + | |
- | mso-font-charset: | + | |
- | mso-generic-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-font-pitch: | + | |
- | mso-font-signature: | + | |
- | @font-face | + | |
- | {font-family: | + | |
- | panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; | + | |
- | mso-font-charset: | + | |
- | mso-generic-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-font-pitch: | + | |
- | mso-font-signature: | + | |
- | @font-face | + | |
- | {font-family: | + | |
- | panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; | + | |
- | mso-font-charset: | + | |
- | mso-generic-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-font-pitch: | + | |
- | mso-font-signature: | + | |
- | /* Style Definitions */ | + | |
- | | + | |
- | {mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-parent:""; | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
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- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | h1 | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | mso-style-next: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
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- | line-height: | + | |
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- | page-break-after: | + | |
- | mso-outline-level: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
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- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | mso-themeshade: | + | |
- | mso-font-kerning: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | h2 | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | mso-style-next: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | page-break-after: | + | |
- | mso-outline-level: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | h3 | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | mso-style-next: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | page-break-after: | + | |
- | mso-outline-level: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | p.MsoFootnoteText, | + | |
- | {mso-style-noshow: | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | margin: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | p.MsoCaption, | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-next: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | font-weight: | + | |
- | span.MsoFootnoteReference | + | |
- | {mso-style-noshow: | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | vertical-align: | + | |
- | p.MsoAcetate, | + | |
- | {mso-style-noshow: | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | margin: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | p.MsoListParagraph, | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | mso-add-space: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-type: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | mso-add-space: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-type: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | mso-add-space: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, | + | |
- | {mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-qformat: | + | |
- | mso-style-type: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | mso-add-space: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | span.berschrift1Zchn | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:" | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-locked: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | mso-ansi-font-size: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | mso-themeshade: | + | |
- | font-weight: | + | |
- | span.MTEquationSection | + | |
- | {mso-style-name: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | color: | + | |
- | display: | + | |
- | mso-hide: | + | |
- | mso-ansi-language: | + | |
- | p.MTDisplayEquation, | + | |
- | {mso-style-name: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | mso-style-next: | + | |
- | margin-top: | + | |
- | margin-right: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | mso-pagination: | + | |
- | tab-stops: | + | |
- | font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-ansi-language: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | span.MTDisplayEquationZchn | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:" | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-locked: | + | |
- | mso-style-link: | + | |
- | mso-ansi-language: | + | |
- | span.berschrift2Zchn | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:" | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-locked: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | mso-ansi-font-size: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | font-weight: | + | |
- | span.berschrift3Zchn | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:" | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-locked: | + | |
- | mso-style-link:" | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | color:# | + | |
- | mso-themecolor: | + | |
- | font-weight: | + | |
- | span.FunotentextZchn | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:" | + | |
- | mso-style-noshow: | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-locked: | + | |
- | mso-style-link: | + | |
- | mso-ansi-font-size: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-size: | + | |
- | span.SprechblasentextZchn | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:" | + | |
- | mso-style-noshow: | + | |
- | mso-style-priority: | + | |
- | mso-style-unhide: | + | |
- | mso-style-locked: | + | |
- | mso-style-link: | + | |
- | mso-ansi-font-size: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-size: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family: | + | |
- | span.SpellE | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:""; | + | |
- | mso-spl-e: | + | |
- | span.GramE | + | |
- | {mso-style-name:""; | + | |
- | mso-gram-e: | + | |
- | .MsoChpDefault | + | |
- | {mso-style-type: | + | |
- | mso-default-props: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-hansi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-language: | + | |
- | .MsoPapDefault | + | |
- | {mso-style-type: | + | |
- | margin-bottom: | + | |
- | line-height: | + | |
- | /* Page Definitions */ | + | |
- | | + | |
- | {mso-footnote-separator: | + | |
- | mso-footnote-continuation-separator: | + | |
- | mso-endnote-separator: | + | |
- | mso-endnote-continuation-separator: | + | |
- | @page WordSection1 | + | |
- | {size: | + | |
- | margin: | + | |
- | mso-header-margin: | + | |
- | mso-footer-margin: | + | |
- | mso-paper-source: | + | |
- | div.WordSection1 | + | |
- | {page: | + | |
- | /* List Definitions */ | + | |
- | @list l0 | + | |
- | {mso-list-id: | + | |
- | mso-list-type: | + | |
- | mso-list-template-ids: | + | |
- | @list l0:level1 | + | |
- | {mso-level-start-at: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | @list l0:level2 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l0:level3 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l0:level4 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l0:level5 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l0:level6 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l0:level7 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l0:level8 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l0:level9 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l1 | + | |
- | {mso-list-id: | + | |
- | mso-list-type: | + | |
- | mso-list-template-ids: | + | |
- | @list l1:level1 | + | |
- | {mso-level-start-at: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | @list l1:level2 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l1:level3 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l1:level4 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l1:level5 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l1:level6 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l1:level7 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l1:level8 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l1:level9 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | margin-left: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l2 | + | |
- | {mso-list-id: | + | |
- | mso-list-type: | + | |
- | mso-list-template-ids: | + | |
- | @list l2:level1 | + | |
- | {mso-level-start-at: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | + | |
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | + | |
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | + | |
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | + | |
- | @list l2:level2 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l2:level3 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l2:level4 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l2:level5 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family:" | + | |
- | @list l2:level6 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l2:level7 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
- | mso-level-text: | + | |
- | mso-level-tab-stop: | + | |
- | mso-level-number-position: | + | |
- | text-indent: | + | |
- | font-family: | + | |
- | @list l2:level8 | + | |
- | {mso-level-number-format: | + | |
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- | </ | + | |
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- | <o:idmap v: | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | <body lang=DE style=' | + | The rest of the document largely follows the workflow of the model: the different steps of building up the national, regional and global data base provide the foundations on which the system rests (Chapter 3). Subsequently the procedure needed to establish a baseline (Chapter 4) is discussed. Chapter 5 deals with the scenario impact analysis, giving descriptions for the regional supply models as well as for the global market model and their interactions in scenario runs. Chapter 6 covers some elements of post model analysis, whereas Chapter 7 covers options for spatial downscaling of the NUTS2 results. At the very end (Chapter 8), some developer tools for stability analysis are described. |
- | <div class=WordSection1> | ||
- | |||
- | <h1 style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | class=MTEquationSection>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTEqn \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | in Agriculture – Generating more economic sophisticated solutions< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | class=MsoFootnoteReference>< | ||
- | class=MsoFootnoteReference>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | ||
- | color:# | ||
- | mso-fareast-language: | ||
- | |||
- | <h2 style=' | ||
- | guide as training material< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | class=MsoFootnoteReference>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-fareast-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-font-family:" | ||
- | color:# | ||
- | EN-US; | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal>< | ||
- | reading material should guide you theoretically through the derivation of | ||
- | parameter calibration of PMP terms for economically more sophisticated | ||
- | programming models. In this <span class=GramE> | ||
- | understand how a linear programming works and what the shortcomings are, how | ||
- | positive mathematical programming models are calibrated and how these different | ||
- | models behave if input parameters change.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal>< | ||
- | there is a hands on excel (Session_B5_Beginners_Advanced_PMP_example.xlsx) and | ||
- | GAMS file (Session_B5_Advanced_PMP_example.gms) for the beginners and advanced, | ||
- | respectively.< | ||
- | title="">< | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | EN-US; | ||
- | With the examples provided in the files you can train how to set up and solve a | ||
- | linear programming model, calibrate the positive mathematical programming | ||
- | models and simulate the price changes. You are free to also define other price | ||
- | changes once you are familiar with the price scenarios given here in the guide.< | ||
- | |||
- | <h2 style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | models is strongly related to the decision making situation of a farmer. | ||
- | Farmers must make decisions about the production plan. The decisions are not | ||
- | independent from physical or financial constraints. Traditionally, | ||
- | relied on intuition, experience or their neighbour’s actions. Using formal | ||
- | methods like mathematical programming models can enhance the farmers profits, | ||
- | at least when the production program becomes more complex. Those mathematical | ||
- | programming models predict quite accurately the behaviour of a representative | ||
- | farmer. This predictive “power” makes those representative farm models useful | ||
- | for policy analysis (Hazell & Norton, 1986).< | ||
- | |||
- | <h2 style=' | ||
- | linear programming model < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | method to find the profit maximizing combination of production activities which | ||
- | is feasible subject to a set of farm constraints. <span style=' | ||
- | 1'> | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | alternative production activities, their unit of measurement, | ||
- | requirements and any production constraints< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | fixed resource constraints< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | margins of the production activities< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | programming model for a farm is presented (Hazell & Norton, 1986). < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
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- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | <v:f eqn=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | </ | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
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- | style=' | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
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- | < | ||
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- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | activities< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | production activity <span style=' | ||
- | -5.0pt'>< | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
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- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
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- | top: | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
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- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | resources< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
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- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
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- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
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- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | associated with the resource constraints< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | production activity levels that maximize the total gross margin (<span | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | activity levels. The dual variables of the resource constraints (<span | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | values give the maximum value a representative farmer is willing to pay to | ||
- | enhance the resource constraints. For instance, the shadow price of land is the | ||
- | maximum value of one additional unit of land to increase the most profitable | ||
- | production activity.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | few assumptions are made. At first, an optimization problem <span class=GramE> | ||
- | faced</ | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | It is important to have at least one nonzero constraint </ | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | number of production activities </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | can be find. The model coefficients – gross <span class=GramE> | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
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- | top: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | resource available <span style=' | ||
- | -5.0pt'>< | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | known and constant. This also leads to the fact, that the increase of total | ||
- | expected gross margin and the resource requirements per unit are proportional | ||
- | to the used production activity level and hence, independent of the activity | ||
- | level used. Further it is assumed, that the resources can be used and the | ||
- | activities produced in quantities are fractional units. The units of the | ||
- | resources or activities are identical. No interaction effects between the | ||
- | production activities are allowed, which means, that the total product is the | ||
- | sum of their individual products. < | ||
- | |||
- | <h3 style=' | ||
- | small example< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | programming model to become familiar with mathematical programming models.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoCaption style=' | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | file sheet “Simple LP”, GAMS file model “LP”)< | ||
- | |||
- | <table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | ||
- | | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=278 nowrap colspan=4 valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | solid windowtext .5pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | solid windowtext .5pt; | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | solid windowtext .5pt; | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
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- | </td> | ||
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- | border-left: | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | margin (pesos)< | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | style=' | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
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- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | class=SpellE>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
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- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
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- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
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- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoCaption style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | yes'> | ||
- | < | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | class=GramE> | ||
- | has to set the level of four production activities that produce four | ||
- | commodities. The objective function is to maximize the expected total gross | ||
- | margin. But at the same time the resource constraints must hold. In particular, | ||
- | at maximum 200 ha of land are available for each production activity and 10,000 | ||
- | hours of labour. Each production activity has the same requirement to the land. | ||
- | This means, one ha of land produces one unit of the commodity. The production | ||
- | activities need different amounts of labour. For example, production activity 4 | ||
- | needs 87 hours of labour to produce one unit of commodity four. This activity | ||
- | has also the greatest expected gross margin of 516 per unit. The combination of | ||
- | the production activities that maximizes the total gross margin and that does | ||
- | not violate the constraints has to be find.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | solver in Excel. The expected total gross margin <span style=' | ||
- | top: | ||
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- | labour with <span style=' | ||
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- | | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | solver of Excel gives the solution of <span style=' | ||
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- | </ | ||
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- | class=GramE> | ||
- | relative; | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | resources of land and labour are totally exhausted. The farmer is advised to | ||
- | only use production activity two and four to maximize his profits. The shadow | ||
- | price of land is 391.5 and labour is 1.43. For instance, the representative | ||
- | farmer would pay 391.5 for one additional unit of land to enhance his | ||
- | production level for one of his preferred production activities.< | ||
- | |||
- | <h3 style=' | ||
- | of the example< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | implementation of the linear programming model to set up a profit maximizing | ||
- | farm production plan. The representative farmer has the knowledge about the | ||
- | expected gross margins and resource requirements of each production activity | ||
- | and with that, the linear programming model is a useful tool to calculate the | ||
- | profit maximizing production plan.<a style=' | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | class=MsoFootnoteReference>< | ||
- | 115%; | ||
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | activities are part of the production problem. But in reality we observe that | ||
- | farmers also use production activities that seem to be less profitable. The | ||
- | linear programming model obviously does not consider real farmer’s behaviour | ||
- | and produces overspecialisation. There can be several reasons why farmers use | ||
- | less profitable production activities. One the one hand there are governmental | ||
- | rules or production activity rotation requirements that force the farmer to set | ||
- | up a less profitable production plan. This could be handled by additional | ||
- | constraints. Further reasons for this behaviour can be the risk aversion of the | ||
- | farmer or some costs that the farmer faces for some production activities that | ||
- | cannot be observed and with that not be implemented with additional | ||
- | constraints. Additionally, | ||
- | programming model will increase the problem of overspecialisation.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | costs for the farmer should be the point we want to investigate in the | ||
- | following. The linear programming model is extended and the solution of the | ||
- | optimization programme should be more realistic when compared to real world | ||
- | behaviour.< | ||
- | |||
- | <h2 style=' | ||
- | mathematical programming model < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | overspecialisation and to reflect more realistic behaviour of farmers, positive | ||
- | mathematical programming is a methodology that calibrates programming models to | ||
- | observed quantities to specify appropriate non-linear objective functions | ||
- | (Heckelei, 2002).<a style=' | ||
- | title="">< | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | EN-US; | ||
- | These objective functions are modifications of the traditional objective | ||
- | function used in linear programming models and have terms that can be | ||
- | interpreted to capture the unobserved behaviour of the farmer and hence, should | ||
- | lead to more realistic optimization solutions.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | programming approach can be separated into three steps (Howitt, 1995). At | ||
- | first, the optimization model is forced to reproduce observed activity levels. | ||
- | Second, the dual values of the calibration constraints are used for the | ||
- | modification of the objective function. Third, the new model is employed for | ||
- | simulations.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | model builds on the basis of the linear programming model and is extended only | ||
- | by additional constraints. These are the calibration constraints:< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
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- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
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- | |||
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- | auto; | ||
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- | | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | production activity levels< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
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- | |||
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- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | associated with the calibration constraints< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | programming model. In the first step, the optimal solution of this positive | ||
- | mathematical programme <span class=GramE> | ||
- | the observed production activity levels (<span style=' | ||
- | top: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | distinguished into preferable and marginal activities. Preferable production | ||
- | activities (<span style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | marginal activities <br> | ||
- | (<span style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
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- | </ | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | of the calibration constraints are zero for the marginal activities (<span | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
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- | cost for preferable activities (<span style=' | ||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | the objective function entries and the coefficients of the marginal activities | ||
- | (& | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | resources only depend on the marginal activities, interaction between the | ||
- | production activities are not covered. With the dual values of the calibration | ||
- | constraints, | ||
- | model is captured.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mathematical programming approach the dual values of the preferable activities | ||
- | (<span style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | function. The extension of the former objective function of the linear | ||
- | programming model implies a variable cost function which leads to the omission | ||
- | of the calibration constraints of the mathematical programming model in the | ||
- | first step.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | parameters of a variable cost function such that the economic rule marginal | ||
- | revenue equals marginal cost holds at observed activity levels. Most often, a | ||
- | quadratic cost function is used.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | function can be specified like:< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style=' | ||
- | auto; | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | the linear cost term< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | the quadratic cost term< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | (<span style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoListParagraph style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mso-hansi-font-family: | ||
- | EN-GB'>< | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | of the production activity< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | top: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | <span class=GramE> | ||
- | margin and the price of the production activity: <span style=' | ||
- | top: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | consider the opportunity cost of the fixed resources. But the resource | ||
- | constraints of the complete model count for this.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | two contains the quadratic cost function in the objective function:< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | The dual values of </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | solution of the linear programming model.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | function that satisfy the conditions to calibrate to observed activity levels | ||
- | when solving the positive mathematical programming model are infinite. But the | ||
- | different combinations of parameters lead to different response behaviour to | ||
- | changing economic conditions (see Heckelei (2002) for technical proof).< | ||
- | |||
- | <h3 style=' | ||
- | the parameters of the new objective function< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | parameters of the new objective function.< | ||
- | href="# | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | class=MsoFootnoteReference>< | ||
- | 115%; | ||
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | Some of them are presented in the following (Heckelei, 2002). Here we present | ||
- | only a few. In the CAPRI training course we will elaborate additional | ||
- | specification rules.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | very simply ((e.g. Howitt and Mean, 1983; <span class=SpellE> | ||
- | Paris, 1995)). Just setting <span style=' | ||
- | mso-text-raise: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | off-diagonal elements of <span style=' | ||
- | -6.0pt'>< | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | elements as:< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | top: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | the marginal activities are zero. The objective function of that specification | ||
- | rule would be:< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | function with another rule. He set <span style=' | ||
- | mso-text-raise: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | off-diagonal elements <span class=GramE> | ||
- | top: | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | the marginal activities are not zero as before and the new objective function | ||
- | would be:< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MTDisplayEquation style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | SEQ MTSec \c \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | o: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | DrawAspect=" | ||
- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <h3 style=' | ||
- | the positive mathematical programming approach < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | new objective function in the positive mathematical programming model is now | ||
- | applied and the results are presented regarding the parameters of the cost | ||
- | functions.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-US style=' | ||
- | yes'> | ||
- | < | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | a positive mathematical programming model. It is quite the same as in the | ||
- | linear programming model of </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | yes'> | ||
- | < | ||
- | </ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | it is convenient to split the gross margin into price and cost per unit of a | ||
- | level of production activity. Second – and this is important for the positive | ||
- | mathematical programming approach – the addition of 4 calibration constraints. | ||
- | The model is forced to solve this optimization problem to have the observed | ||
- | production activity levels (x1=55; x2=30; x3=85 and x4=30) recalibrated. <span | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoCaption style=' | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | EN-US'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-US style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-US style=' | ||
- | mathematical< | ||
- | “PMP reveal dual values”, GAMS file model “Howitt_1”)</ | ||
- | |||
- | <table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | ||
- | | ||
- | | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=278 nowrap colspan=4 valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | solid windowtext .5pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | solid windowtext .5pt; | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | solid windowtext .5pt; | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | margin-bottom: | ||
- | line-height: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=bottom style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal align=center style=' | ||
- | text-align: | ||
- | mso-ascii-font-family: | ||
- | Calibri'> | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=32 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | justify; | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=134 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | </ | ||
- | < | ||
- | <td width=164 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-top: | ||
- | padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; | ||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | margin-left: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | </td> | ||
- | <td width=76 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=67 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=59 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
- | <td width=75 nowrap valign=top style=' | ||
- | border-left: | ||
- | mso-border-top-alt: | ||
- | mso-border-alt: | ||
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- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
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- | the specification rule above is, that all diagonal elements of <span | ||
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- | linear cost term is zero instead – here by definition.< | ||
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- | behaviour of the two examples regarding prices changes< | ||
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- | with 60 units with each scenario step.< | ||
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- | |||
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- | </ | ||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
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- | |||
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- | solved again with the different sets of prices. For the linear programming | ||
- | model, the most profitable levels of production activities for each price | ||
- | scenario depict </ | ||
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- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | the first two price scenarios no adaption of the production programme of the | ||
- | representative farmer is profitable. For the other two price scenarios the | ||
- | optimal production were changed to x3=123.3 and x4= 76.7 for scenario 3 and | ||
- | x3=200 for scenario 4.< | ||
- | |||
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- | name=" | ||
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- | production activities of the linear programming model activities (Excel file | ||
- | sheet “Simple LP”, GAMS file model “LP”)< | ||
- | |||
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- | of production activities of the model with the objective <span class=GramE> | ||
- | </ | ||
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- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | the production activities x1, x2, and x4 are declining whereas the level of | ||
- | production x4 is increasing. Although the price of commodity of production | ||
- | activity x1 is increasing, the optimal level of it is decreasing. This is due | ||
- | to the fact that the gross margin of x3 is increasing even higher than for x1 in | ||
- | every new price scenario.< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | style=' | ||
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- | 115%; | ||
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- | model “Howitt_11”)< | ||
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- | the level of the production activity x3 is increasing. This is also due to the | ||
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- | other production activities with every new price scenario.< | ||
- | |||
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- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoCaption style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <h3 style=' | ||
- | of simulation< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | differences between the linear and the positive mathematical programming | ||
- | approaches. The reaction of the linear programming model to price changes shows | ||
- | erratic adaptions of the production programme induced by price changes. It | ||
- | takes a while until the production programme changes when the model is optimized. | ||
- | These changes are also very strong. This means that between the second and | ||
- | third price scenario the production programme differs completely and the fourth | ||
- | price scenario induce a production plan with only one production activity. This | ||
- | behaviour seems very unlikely in reality.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | GOTOBUTTON ZEqnNum923545< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | ZEqnNum923545 \* Charformat \! \* MERGEFORMAT <span style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | programming approach shows a smoother reaction to price changes compared to the | ||
- | linear programming model. But it can be seen that the adaption of the | ||
- | production programme is still relatively erratic. But the reaction to price | ||
- | changes seems to be much more likely than in the linear programming model.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | GOTOBUTTON ZEqnNum279523< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | <span style=' | ||
- | field-end'></ | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | sophisticated reaction to price changes compared to the other simulated models. | ||
- | The adaption of the production plan induced by price changes is very smooth and | ||
- | is much more realistic. There is no overspecialisation and overreaction like in | ||
- | the other two models.< | ||
- | |||
- | <h2 style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | linear farm production model and the extension based on the positive | ||
- | mathematical programming approach to be able to produce more realistic production | ||
- | plans when it comes to profit maximization. The positive mathematical | ||
- | programming approach calibrates a programming model to observed production | ||
- | behaviour. This is achieved with calibration constraints and the dual values of | ||
- | the calibration constraints are used to specify a new objective function that | ||
- | reflects observed farm behaviour that cannot be captured with additional | ||
- | constraints. These new objective functions capture a lot of possible <span | ||
- | class=SpellE> | ||
- | technology, risk behaviour or other non-linear constraints.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | specifications of cost functions. There a many ways to specify these functions | ||
- | and each of them imply different behaviour to changing economic circumstances. | ||
- | Additionally to the specifications shown in this paper there are others as | ||
- | well. The average-cost-approach (Heckelei, 2002) or the use of exogenous supply | ||
- | elasticities (Heckelei, 2002; empirically applied by Helming et al., 2001) are | ||
- | some of them, which will elaborated in the CAPRI training course in Seville. | ||
- | You can also have a closer look at them in the Excel file sheet “PMP2” and | ||
- | “PMP4” as well as in the GAMS file models “Howitt_12” and “Elasticities1”, | ||
- | respectively.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | objective functions are not unproblematic. As these procedures capture the | ||
- | observed behaviour, a change in economic incentives of the farmer(s) over time inducing | ||
- | other behaviour is not observed and must come from other sources. Other | ||
- | shortcomings of these approaches of positive mathematical programming models can | ||
- | be found in the literature (see Heckelei (2002) for an overview).< | ||
- | |||
- | <h2 style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | class=SpellE>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | mathematical programming model for regional analysis of agricultural policies. | ||
- | In: <span class=SpellE> | ||
- | Agricultural Economics and Policies, EAAE, Proceedings of the 40th Seminar, | ||
- | 26.-28. <span class=SpellE> | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | (1986): Mathematical Programming for Economic Analysis in Agriculture, | ||
- | Macmillan Publishing Company.< | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | estimation of programming models for agricultural supply analysis. <span | ||
- | class=SpellE> | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | class=SpellE> | ||
- | of Environmental Policy Scenarios in Flemish Agriculture. In: Heckelei, T., | ||
- | Witzke, H.P. and <span class=SpellE> | ||
- | Sector Modelling and Policy Information Systems. Proceedings of the 65 <span | ||
- | class=SpellE>< | ||
- | at Bonn University, <span class=SpellE> | ||
- | Kiel, pp. 237-245. < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | Mathematical Programming< | ||
- | Journal of Agricultural Economics</ | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | Approach to Microeconomic Programming Models. Working Paper (6). Department of | ||
- | Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis. < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | Parametric Programming and Comparative Statics. Chapter 11 in Notes <span | ||
- | class=GramE> | ||
- | of California, Davis. < | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | (2001): Analyse der Produktions- und Einkommenseffekte von | ||
- | Agrarumwelt-programmen unter Verwendung einer weiterentwickelten Form der | ||
- | Positiv Quadratischen Programmierung. <span lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoNormal style=' | ||
- | class=SpellE>< | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | Production Models using Positive Mathematical Programming. An | ||
- | Agro-environmental Policy Analysis in Southwest Germany. Shaker Verlag, Aachen. | ||
- | < | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <hr align=left size=1 width=" | ||
- | |||
- | < | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-language: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | Thünen Institute of Farm Economics< | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-language: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | GAMS file are already completely working. But you must be familiar how to user | ||
- | the solver in excel and how to run a GAMS file. Be careful how to set all the | ||
- | constraints to get the desired behaviour of the models!< | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-language: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | “solver” add-in in the options.< | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | class=MsoFootnoteReference>< | ||
- | 115%; | ||
- | mso-fareast-font-family: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-ansi-language: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | model is an optimization model, in which an objective function is maximized or | ||
- | minimized subject to some constraints. In our case we have a maximization | ||
- | problem which is also called the primal model. The total gross margin is | ||
- | maximized while land and labour use are constrained. This problem can be | ||
- | transformed into a minimization problem (dual model), in which land and labour | ||
- | use has to be minimized while the total gross margins of each activity are | ||
- | constrained to have a certain minimum. The maximum value of the objective | ||
- | function of the primal model is always the same like the value of the objective | ||
- | function of the dual model. See Hazell & Norton (1986) for a more detailed | ||
- | presentation.< | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-language: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | EN-GB'> | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
- | mso-bidi-theme-font: | ||
- | mso-bidi-language: | ||
- | lang=EN-GB style=' | ||
- | (1999) or <span class=SpellE> | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
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- | minor-latin; | ||
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- | mso-bidi-language: | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | used for optimization and an optimal solution is found, you have to choose the | ||
- | “sensitivity analysis report” to extract the dual values of the calibration | ||
- | constraints. In the GAMS file you can see that after a model is solved, the | ||
- | dual values are captured as follows: <span class=GramE> | ||
- | class=SpellE> | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | <div style=' | ||
- | |||
- | <p class=MsoFootnoteText>< | ||
- | name=" | ||
- | footnote'>< | ||
- | style=' | ||
- | mso-ascii-theme-font: | ||
- | minor-latin; | ||
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- | even higher compared to the other production activities.< | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
- | |||
- | </ | ||
start.txt · Last modified: 2022/11/07 10:23 by 127.0.0.1